Overview
- Technology
- Electrical Infrastructure, DC Power Distribution
- Geography
- Global average data from equipment vendor specifications and industry literature
System boundary
The figure groups this dataset's unit processes by class. It is not a count of manufacturing steps — each process runs over as many passes as the flow requires, and those pass counts ship with the dataset.
Data quality and references
Pedigree scores follow the ecoinvent data-quality matrix: 1 is the best attainable, 5 the weakest. The composite is their aggregate.
- Sampling procedure
- Component vendor specifications, academic papers, industry literature
- Coverage status
- Partial
- Pedigree-scored source files
- 5 — the source records behind this dataset's manufacturing operations. Each carries the five pedigree axes above; the composite DQI aggregates them.
Technosphere inputs
10 flows. Quantities are not published; they ship with the dataset on Circa.
Aluminum 6063 billet Materialkg · ±1.2%
- Source citations
-
- Castool. (2022). Billet Geometry and Scrap Allocation
- Background data
- proxy-mapped
- Background dataset
- aluminium, wrought alloy
- Uncertainty
- ±1.2% around the published quantity. The bounds themselves ship with the dataset on Circa.
- Unit
- kg
Copper cathode Materialkg
- Source citations
-
- aurubis.com (2023). EPD Aurubis Finland Oy Nordic Green Blue HUB 0256 2023 01 30. PDF document.
- KME Mansfeld (2021). KME Mansfeld Sustainability Report 2021 EN.
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12
- Background dataset
- copper, cathode
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- kg
Epoxy powder Materialkg · -16.5% / +25.6%
- Source citations
-
- autocoatinglines.com (date not recorded). Electric Powder Coating Oven: Precision Curing, Thermal Efficiency, and Process Integration. Web page.
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12
- Background dataset
- epoxy resin, liquid
- Uncertainty
- -16.5% / +25.6% around the published quantity. The bounds themselves ship with the dataset on Circa.
- Unit
- kg
Forming lubricant Materialkg
- Derivation basis
-
- Calculated from per-operation consumption, operation counts, and manufacturing yield.
- REEL derivation: dimensions measured from vendor manual Figures 8-6 and 8-7; mass computed from the measured geometry and the material density
- REEL derivation: supporting geometry and configuration read from the vendor documentation pages 35-38
- REEL derivation: engineering estimate of the busbar manufacturing inventory from vendor process descriptions and the measured part geometry; no single published inventory covers this part
The sources for this row are listed below.
- Source citations (dataset-level)
-
- MGX Accelerated Computing Rack and Trays Specification 1.1
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12
- Background dataset
- lubricating oil
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- kg
Nickel strike Materialkg · -34.3% / +32.8%
- Source citations
-
- sewooinc.com (date not recorded). Stress Measurement. PDF document.
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12
- Background dataset
- nickel, class 1
- Uncertainty
- -34.3% / +32.8% around the published quantity. The bounds themselves ship with the dataset on Circa.
- Unit
- kg
Silver anode Materialkg · ±33.3%
- Source citations
-
- prv-engineering.co.uk (date not recorded). Why Plate Copper Busbars? Web page.
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12
- Background dataset
- silver
- Uncertainty
- ±33.3% around the published quantity. The bounds themselves ship with the dataset on Circa.
- Unit
- kg
Silver nitrate Materialkg
- Source citations
-
- patents.google.com (date not recorded). CN104342726A - Cyanide-free silver plating method. Patent CN104342726A.
- Background data
- proxy-mapped
- Background dataset
- silver
- Notes
- Proxy mapping uses 63.5% of the material mass.
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- kg
Sulfuric acid pickle Materialkg · -40% / +100%
- Derivation basis
-
- Calculated from per-operation consumption, operation counts, and manufacturing yield.
- REEL derivation: dimensions measured from vendor manual Figures 8-6 and 8-7; mass computed from the measured geometry and the material density
- REEL derivation: supporting geometry and configuration read from the vendor documentation pages 35-38
- REEL derivation: engineering estimate of the busbar manufacturing inventory from vendor process descriptions and the measured part geometry; no single published inventory covers this part
The sources for this row are listed below.
- Source citations (dataset-level)
-
- MGX Accelerated Computing Rack and Trays Specification 1.1
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12
- Background dataset
- sulfuric acid
- Uncertainty
- -40% / +100% around the published quantity. The bounds themselves ship with the dataset on Circa.
- Unit
- kg
Electricity, Global (GLO) ElectricitykWh · -48% / +73.8%
- Derivation basis
-
- Calculated from equipment energy across all manufacturing operations. This model includes no facility support, so the total is the manufacturing operations alone.
- REEL derivation: dimensions measured from vendor manual Figures 8-6 and 8-7; mass computed from the measured geometry and the material density
- REEL derivation: supporting geometry and configuration read from the vendor documentation pages 35-38
- REEL derivation: engineering estimate of the busbar manufacturing inventory from vendor process descriptions and the measured part geometry; no single published inventory covers this part
The sources for this row are listed below.
- Source citations (dataset-level)
-
- MGX Accelerated Computing Rack and Trays Specification 1.1
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12
- Background dataset
- electricity, medium voltage
- Uncertainty
- -48% / +73.8% around the published quantity. The bounds themselves ship with the dataset on Circa.
- Unit
- kWh
Process water WaterL · -50% / +100%
- Derivation basis
-
- Calculated from process-water and ultrapure-water demand across all manufacturing operations. This model includes no facility support, so the demand is the manufacturing operations alone. The fresh intake shown is that demand less the share reused under the water-recycling scenario this dataset assumes, and wastewater follows the same balance.
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12
- Background dataset
- tap water
- Notes
- Water demand from silver plating, adjusted for assembly yield.
- Uncertainty
- -50% / +100% around the published quantity. The bounds themselves ship with the dataset on Circa.
- Unit
- L
Outputs and waste
Wastewater Wastewaterm3 · -50% / +100%
- Derivation basis
-
- Calculated from the water balance: fresh-water input minus evaporation.
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Background data
- carried, no background dataset
- Background dataset
- No treatment route recorded for this output.
- Uncertainty
- -50% / +100% around the published quantity. The bounds themselves ship with the dataset on Circa.
- Unit
- m3
Recyclable copper scrap Solid wasteg
- Derivation basis
-
- Calculated from the mass balance of spent materials and consumables, with treatment selected from the waste classification.
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12 treatment route
- Background dataset
- market for copper scrap, sorted, pressed
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- g
Copper punching slugs Solid wasteg
- Derivation basis
-
- Calculated from the mass balance of spent materials and consumables, with treatment selected from the waste classification.
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12 treatment route
- Background dataset
- market for copper scrap, sorted, pressed
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- g
Copper burrs, chips, and dust Solid wasteg
- Derivation basis
-
- Calculated from the mass balance of spent materials and consumables, with treatment selected from the waste classification.
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12 treatment route
- Background dataset
- market for copper scrap, sorted, pressed
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- g
Aluminum extrusion scrap Solid wasteg
- Source citations
-
- Castool. (2022). Billet Geometry and Scrap Allocation
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12 treatment route
- Background dataset
- market for aluminium scrap, new
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- g
Anodizing sludge Solid wasteg
- Source citations
-
- Saunders, F.M. (1988). Reclamation of Aluminum Finishing Sludges. EPA Project Summary
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12 treatment route
- Background dataset
- treatment of hazardous waste, underground deposit
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- g
Metal-precipitation sludge Solid wasteg
- Derivation basis
-
- Calculated from the mass balance of spent materials and consumables, with treatment selected from the waste classification.
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12 treatment route
- Background dataset
- treatment of hazardous waste, underground deposit
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- g
Uncured powder overspray Solid wasteg
- Derivation basis
-
- Calculated from the mass balance of spent materials and consumables, with treatment selected from the waste classification.
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12 treatment route
- Background dataset
- treatment of inert waste, sanitary landfill
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- g
Rejected Assemblies Solid wastekg
- Derivation basis
-
- Calculated from the mass balance of spent materials and consumables, with treatment selected from the waste classification.
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Background data
- ecoinvent 3.12 treatment route
- Background dataset
- treatment of inert waste, sanitary landfill
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- kg
Emissions to air
1 elementary flow released to air by this dataset's own operations. Quantities are not published; they ship with the dataset on Circa.
Cure volatile organic compounds Emission to airg
- Derivation basis
-
- REEL derivation: cure volatile organic compound release is a declared engineering estimate; no retrievable public document was identified for the adopted value
- No corresponding ecoinvent dataset or flow was identified for this entry, so it is published with its own quantity and no background link
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Compartment
- Air
- ecoinvent 3.12 elementary flow
- Not stated
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- g
Emissions to water
3 elementary flows released to water by this dataset's own operations. Quantities are not published; they ship with the dataset on Circa.
Silver Emission to waterg
- Derivation basis
-
- REEL derivation: residual silver discharge after metals precipitation taken as about one percent of the silver input as a declared engineering estimate; no retrievable public document was identified for the adopted value
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Compartment
- Water (surface water)
- Formula
- Ag+
- CAS number
- 14701-21-4
- ecoinvent 3.12 elementary flow
- Silver I
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- g
Nickel Emission to waterg
- Derivation basis
-
- REEL derivation: nickel release to the plating rinse stream is a declared engineering estimate; no retrievable public document was identified for the adopted value
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Compartment
- Water (surface water)
- Formula
- Ni2+
- CAS number
- 14701-22-5
- ecoinvent 3.12 elementary flow
- Nickel II
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- g
Sulfate Emission to waterg
- Derivation basis
-
- REEL derivation: sulfate release to the plating rinse stream is a declared engineering estimate; no retrievable public document was identified for the adopted value
No source is attached to this row.
- Source citations
- Not stated
- Compartment
- Water (surface water)
- Formula
- SO42-
- CAS number
- 14808-79-8
- ecoinvent 3.12 elementary flow
- Sulfate
- Uncertainty
- No range defined.
- Unit
- g
Flows not quantified
1 flow is recorded for this dataset but carries no quantity — cut off below the significance threshold, or with no background dataset available. It remains inside the declared system boundary; each is listed with its reason.
Not modelled (1)
5,5-Dimethylhydantoin (DMH) complexant Materialkg · -33.4% / +33.3%
- Source citations
-
- patents.google.com (date not recorded). CN104342726A - Cyanide-free silver plating method. Patent CN104342726A.
- Background data
- not modelled
- Background dataset
- Not applicable: this flow is not quantified in the inventory.
- Reason
- The quantified material is retained, but its authored name does not identify a sufficiently specific background dataset or defensible proxy; background modeling remains an explicit gap.
- Uncertainty
- -33.4% / +33.3% around the published quantity. The bounds themselves ship with the dataset on Circa.
- Unit
- kg
The flows above are this dataset's own records. What follows are the scope rules set once for the whole database in the methodology report, repeated here so every dataset page carries them.
Database-wide boundary policy — applies to every REEL dataset
These boundaries are set once for the whole database, in Chapter 2 of the methodology report, and apply to this dataset wherever they are relevant to it. The excluded flows listed above are specific to this dataset.
- Use phase
- Product operation is outside the cradle-to-gate scope.
- End-of-life treatment
- Recycling and disposal are outside the cradle-to-gate scope.
- Distribution and retail
- The gate is a finished component ready for integration into a higher-level assembly.
- Inbound transport of raw materials
- Transport of purchased raw materials to the manufacturing facility is already inside the upstream "market for" datasets that users link to a background database, so it is not modelled a second time here. This does not cover freight between REEL production stages, which is modelled where a dataset authors it.
- Returnable shipping containers
- Where freight between production stages is modelled, the mass moved is the product itself. The shipping container (FOSB, SEMI M31) is returnable capital equipment whose per-trip share is unsourced, so its tare is excluded from the transport effort.
- Photomask fabrication
- A mask set's embodied burden is amortised across a high-volume production run and is not attributed per wafer. Users assessing low-volume production should add mask fabrication separately; the methodology report gives the basis for the exclusion.
- Employee transport, administration and R&D overhead
- Employee transportation, facility administration and R&D/pilot-production overhead are outside scope.
- Capital goods
- Manufacturing equipment, cleanroom construction and facility infrastructure are excluded, on the grounds of absent public data on equipment embodied energy, uncertainty in equipment lifetime and allocation, common practice in electronics LCA, and a focus on the operational inventory. Future versions may include capital goods when sufficient public data becomes available.
- Precious metal recovery credits
- Scrap recovery credits for precious metals are excluded pending data availability.
- Wafer reclaim
- Test wafers and scrap are outside the system boundary.
Inside the boundary, linked rather than modelled
- Silicon ingot growth and wafer slicing
- Inside the cradle-to-gate scope, but treated as upstream material inputs linked to background databases rather than modelled as REEL processes.
- Freight between production stages
- Where a dataset's product moves between REEL production stages - wafer fabrication to the packaging site, for example - that leg is authored as a transport service and linked to an ecoinvent freight activity. It is measured as a transport effort in tonne-kilometres, not as a mass. Route distances are authored per route class with a stated band; a lower bound of zero is a modelling statement that the two sites can be co-located, not a missing value.
Cut-off criteria
A flow is excluded from a process inventory when it contributes less than 1 % of the total mass of inputs to that unit process, or less than 1 % of its total energy input. The denominator is total process inputs, not product mass. That distinction matters in semiconductor manufacturing, where the input mass of water, chemicals and gases greatly exceeds the product mass, so the threshold removes only genuinely minor flows.
Included regardless of the cut-off
- Perfluorocarbons (CF4, C2F6, SF6, NF3) - high GWP, EPA regulated
- Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr(VI)) - RoHS regulated, high toxicity
- Volatile organics (photoresist solvents, PGMEA) - air quality
- Precious metals (Au, Ag, Pd, Pt) - high embodied impacts
- Ozone-depleting substances (legacy CFCs, HCFCs) - Montreal Protocol
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